Hamas attacked Israel 1 month ago. Here's where things stand now

Updated November 5, 2023 at 4:20 PM ET

TEL AVIV, Israel — A scattered group of runners hustled along the sparkling blue water of the Mediterranean Sea in Tel Aviv's Jaffa Port early Saturday morning.

They gathered not to run for themselves, but for the more than 240 hostages still held by Hamas. Each of the runners wore Israeli flags or a race bib that said "Bring them home" and bore the images and names of individuals taken by Hamas.

That same evening, people gathered in Jerusalem and Tel Aviv for demonstrations in support of the hostages. Other protests were held criticizing Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's government for a perceived failure of properly preparing for, and reacting to, the attack by Hamas.

At a crowded rally in downtown Tel Aviv Saturday night, makeshift memorials were erected inside the plaza of the city's art museum square honoring those still missing. Friends and families of the kidnapped and concerned Israelis wore shirts and carried signs with the names and faces of those being held hostage.

The events were held on the weekend ahead of the one-month mark since the Oct. 7 attack on Israel by Hamas, when at least 1,400 people were killed.

Margalit Zur, a 77-year-old Israeli woman who called for the immediate return of the hostages during the rally Saturday, said her trust in her government and her feeling of safety in Israel have been shaken.

She's unable to think of little else other than the children and babies kidnapped by Hamas, she said.

"I really can't sleep. It's terrible," she said. "I can't grasp the tragedy. It's impossible. And I think our government shouldn't do anything before all of them are back home safe."

In the four weeks since that attack, Israel's intensifying military response to the Hamas attack has killed almost 10,000 people in Gaza and created a dire humanitarian crisis there.

There appears to be no end in sight to the nearly month-old war as Netanyahu continues to reject calls for any kind of cease-fire or pause in the fighting.

"I made it clear that we are going with full steam ahead, and that Israel refuses any temporary ceasefire that does not involve the release of the kidnapped Israelis," Netanyahu said in a statement Friday.

Here's where things stand a month into this war between Israel and Hamas:

Palestinians are suffering the biggest losses

Nearly 10,000 people have died in Gaza since Oct. 7, according to the Ministry of Health in Gaza, which says a majority of the killed are women and children. Almost 25,000 people have been injured and thousands of others are estimated to be missing.

A third communications blackout started in Gaza Sunday night, cutting off Palestinians from the outside world.

Hospitals and refugee camps have been hit multiple times in Israeli airstrikes.

Israeli warplanes struck the Maghazi refugee camp in the Gaza Strip early Sunday, killing at least 33 people and wounding dozens, health officials in the region said.

The World Health Organization issued a bulletin saying it has documented 102 attacks on health care facilities in Gaza since Oct. 7.

Hospitals that haven't been touched by attacks are overcrowded and barely functioning due to low supplies and little to no fuel, according to the World Health Organization and the United Nations.

The WHO warned on Friday that the bombardments, lack of food, barely working health centers and collapsing infrastructure pose particular risks for pregnant women and children.

"There are an estimated 50,000 pregnant women in Gaza, with more than 180 giving birth every day. Fifteen per cent of them are likely to experience pregnancy or birth-related complications and need additional medical care," the WHO said.

Little to show for diplomatic efforts

U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken made another whirlwind tour of the region this weekend in an effort to work U.S. partnerships to prevent hostilities from widening, and to continue to try to broker a deal that would allow more humanitarian aid to enter Gaza and to protect civilians.

On Sunday, he made an unannounced visit to Iraq and met with Prime Minister Mohammed Shia al-Sudani in Baghdad for more than an hour.

Blinken also made trips to Israel, Jordan and had a sit-down with Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas in Ramallah in the West Bank on Sunday.

A spokesman for Abbas said he had called for an immediate cease-fire and the delivery of humanitarian aid to Gaza.

But while Blinken met with Abbas, protesters took to the streets in Ramallah and burned images of the secretary.

Asked about progress toward a cease-fire or a pause in hostilities to allow for humanitarian aid to reach those in Gaza, Blinken said his team was continuing to work with the Israeli government to "work through the specifics."

But, he said, the release of hostages being held by Hamas is part of those talks.

"The prospect of getting the hostages back can also advance other things that we're committed to doing, as is the government of Israel and other partners of the region — especially getting more humanitarian assistance to people who need it in Gaza," he said.

Few people stuck in Gaza have been able to leave

After painstaking negotiations between Israel, Hamas and Egypt, officials agreed to allow one border crossing to Egypt in Rafah to open, allowing some aid to enter and some foreign nationals and a few Palestinians to leave.

But officials in Gaza closed this exit this weekend, saying foreign passport holders will not be allowed to leave unless patients from the hospitals in Gaza City and northern Gaza are permitted to get to the crossing.

On Sunday morning, a senior U.S. official confirmed that more than 300 Americans had left Gaza in recent days, but did not confirm how many remain inside the territory.

"We believe that there are still a number of Americans inside Gaza, but that over the last several days, through pretty intensive negotiations with all sides relevant to this conflict, we have been able to get out more than 300 Americans, lawful permanent residents and their family members," Principal Deputy National Security Adviser Jon Finer told Face the Nation.

On Saturday, the Israel Defense Forces announced a brief three-hour window for the roughly 300,000 people estimated to be trapped in northern Gaza to travel safely on the road to southern Gaza. Few were able to access this so-called safe passageway.

The IDF said Hamas militants attacked the roadway. Hamas said the availability of a safe corridor was "a lie" and that the Israeli military was using it to attack civilians.

Aid has slowly been able to enter Gaza, but humanitarian groups have demanded more supplies to reach Palestinians.

The Palestinian Red Crescent Society reported over the weekend that since Oct. 21 at least 451 trucks, around 30 per day, have been able to deliver aid through the Rafah crossing.

"However, Israeli authorities have not allowed the entry of fuel up to this moment," the organization said.

The movements by Palestinians elsewhere have also been limited. Israeli authorities have also indefinitely paused the worker permits for the more than 110,000 Palestinians that worked in Israel or Israeli settlements.

Calls for a cease-fire grow

The brutal attack by Hamas shocked Israel and the world, but Israel's offensive in response has also stunned many in its aggression.

In a statement on Sunday morning, Israel said "over 2,500 terror targets have been struck" in the combined activities of its ground, air and naval forces in the Gaza Strip during their offensive over the past four weeks.

The IDF maintains that it targets only infrastructure it believes is housing Hamas fighters inside or in the group's underground tunnels.

Over the weekend, demonstrators around the world called for the end to the violence and for Israel to call for a cease-fire.

In Washington, D.C., at least tens of thousands of people gathered Saturday for one of the biggest pro-Palestinian protests in the U.S. since the Israeli incursion began.

The Biden administration has said it continues to stand by Israel and its "right to defend itself."

U.S. lawmakers still largely back Biden's pro-Israel position

There are growing worries on Capitol Hill over the high casualty count in Gaza, but few lawmakers have publicly called for a pause in the fight.

As of early November, 18 House members have split with the Biden administration's pro-Israeli stance and signed a resolution calling for a cease-fire.

Democratic Sen. Chris Murphy is one of the first senators to publicly express concerns over Israel's response to Hamas, calling for a more "deliberate and proportionate counterterrorism campaign."

"The current rate of civilian death inside Gaza is unacceptable and unsustainable. I urge Israel to immediately reconsider its approach and shift to a more deliberate and proportionate counterterrorism campaign, surgically targeting Hamas and Islamic Jihad leaders and terrorist infrastructure while more highly prioritizing the safety of civilians in accordance with the law of armed conflict," he said in a recent statement.

Israel launched its ground offensive. What's the endgame?

About three weeks after the Hamas attack, the Israeli government launched a military ground invasion into Gaza.

"Our forces are operating on all of fronts, with full power. Our victory will be decisive and clear. It will send a message to our enemies – one that will echo for generations," Netanyahu said on Friday.

By Sunday evening, the military's 36th Division had reached positions along the coast of Gaza following the expansion of Israeli ground operations over the past seven days, the IDF announced.

"In the last 12 hours, the soldiers of the division struck around 50 targets, including combat zones, operational residences, outposts, military positions and underground infrastructure, and eliminated terrorists in close-quarter combat," the military said.

There are growing tensions along the Israel-Lebanon border as Hezbollah continues to launch rockets from southern Lebanon into Israel.

In a recent speech, Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah stopped short of announcing an all-out war with Israel, but threatened that the group's actions will depend on developments in Gaza.

The main focus of the Israeli military, however, remains on eliminating Hamas.

About two dozen soldiers have been killed so far in military operations in Gaza, according to the IDF.

The goal to remove Hamas is a major military challenge that will likely take two to six months, according to Yaacov Amidror, the former general and national security adviser in Israel.

Zur, the woman who attended a memorial event for the kidnapped Israelis, said her grandson is among those fighting in Gaza.

"I'm terribly worried. His mother, my daughter is broken. I mean, she's so worried and we don't know what's going on," she said.

Taking full control of the Hamas-controlled enclave may be the easy part. Finding a viable replacement to take over running Gaza, is another thing entirely.

Israel doesn't want to do it, Amidror said.

"We don't want to take responsibility for 2 million Palestinians to rebuild Gaza," he said.

Right now, there is no clear candidate on what entity or government could potentially take on such a monumental task.

Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.