In a statement released just minutes after President Biden took office, China's foreign ministry said it was sanctioning those "who have seriously violated China's sovereignty."
China promised to retaliate against "U.S. institutions and individuals" after President Trump signed the Hong Kong Autonomy Act and an executive order rescinding special treatment for the territory.
The Trump administration's penalties are meant to punish China for its treatment of Uighurs and Muslim minorities in the region, and target a Politburo member for the first time.